2.
  -2021
..  
 
:      :60
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.    ,    
2.              
-
3.            
4.    '      
-
5.               
6.      ,      
 
2.
-
7.       
8.      
  -2021
..  
 
:      :60
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.    ,    
:󷉸󷉹󷉺  :      
  , ,   10
   ,    - 
 -              ,  
     ,             
,      , "     
?   
    
?"
  
  , "      
    
  "    ,     ,      ,
             
󷉃󷉄1.    
     
2.
  (PE)      :
        
      
 ,           
  
         , , , ,    
      , , ,    

 
       
    , 
,     -        
,       
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂:
     ,      
     
 :
  (   ),
 (  ),
 (         ),
 (   ), 
 (  '  )
 ,   =   
 
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬2.    
  
        ,    
              ,   
, ,        ,       
 -     
,      
          - , , ,
  
  ,       , , , 
     
2.
󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹  :
"        
        "
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬   :
1.  :,     
2.   :        
3.  :  ,   
4.    :    

󼩎󼩏󼩐󼩑󼩒󼩓󼩔3.    
   ,       -        
    
      ,         :
󷙦󷙧󷙤󷙥󷙨󷙩󷙪󷚔󷙬󷙭󷙯󷙰󷙲󷙳󷙴󷙷󷚕󷚖a)  
     
,      
, , ,     
         
             
:        ,      
      
 
󼨐󼨑󼨒)  
      
,    
 
       
,     
 
2.
:        ,        
   
 
󺅕󺅓󺅖󺅗󺅘󺅔c)  

   -       
  '      
,      
,     
 
-  -   
:             - 
  
󺯑󺯒󺯓󺯔󺯕󺯖󺯗󺯘󺯙󺯚󺯛󺯜󺯝)  
   
 
        
 :
   
       
      
-      
:  ,      
     
  
󹹄󹹅󹹆e)  
          
 :
 ( ),
 (     ),
 (  ), 
 ( ,    )
2.
:           -

 
󷆫󷆪f)     
       , :
   ,
  ,
 , 
  
:        ,      

󼗑󼗒󼖻󼗓󼖽󼖿󼗔󼗕󼗌󼗖󼖿󼘁󼘂󼗗󼘃󼗘󼗙󼗚󼘄󼘅g)    
       
  -     
         
     
    
:     ,         
     
󼞏󼞐󼞑󼞒󼞓󼛿󼞔󼞕󼜀󼞖󼞗󼞘󼞙󼞚󼜁󼞛󼞜󼞝󼞞󼞟󼞠  :   
                
 ,               100
    ,        ,    , 
            ,     ,
         
                 
          ,     
  -     ',      ' 
2.
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍
      "  "        
              :
   ,
   ,
    , 
   
  , , ,   
,        - 
-  -   
      , "    
?",  
  :
"
   ,   ,         "
2.              
:󷙦󷙧󷙤󷙥󷙨󷙩󷙪󷚔󷙬󷙭󷙯󷙰󷙲󷙳󷙴󷙷󷚕󷚖        :      
 
        ,           
                 
  ,      ,    '   ,   
         ,       -
   
;  ,         
 , ",            
 - 
 "
                
     ,      
  
       
󹱊󹱋󹱌󹱍󹱎   ?
          
   
  , , ,       
                ,
,  ,         
2.
  :
   , ,         
--
 -      ,  :
   
         
   
    
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬    
           :
 :      
  :        

 
:         
   :, ,   
 :    ,  

 : 
 ,    ,  

 ,     
 
 ,      ,   -   , ,  
 -   
󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤 :   
      ,         
             
   , -,        -
   -    ,  ,      
 
   ' , ,         
     
      
 -  ,
    
2.
          
󷟳󷟴󷟵󷟶󷟷󷟸󷟹󷟺󷟻󷟼     
  ,   (PE)  "  "       
 -     ,      
           :
1.󷕘󷕙󷕚 
         - ,   
   ,   ,     
       
             ,   
   PE       ,    ,  
          
2.󼨐󼨑󼨒 
 
 
       ,    
 
 
            
             
      PE    
 -   
 
3.󹱑󹱒    
  ,  , ,      
          
             -    
  PE           
4.󹻊󹻋󹻌󹻎󹻍     
  ,        
 
        
  ;  ' ,        PE 
      
 
2.
5.󹲽󹲾󹲿󹳀󹳁󹳂󹳃󹳈󹳄󹳅󹳆󹳇   
    ,    
 
  ,          
  
      -     ,  
        
󼪀󼪃󼪄󼪁󼪅󼪆󼪂󼪇  :     
  ,   , ,    - ,
,  -               
            '      ,
         -     ',    '
    ,          
  
    :      -  
󷪛󷪜󷪝󷪞󷪟󷪠󷪢󷪡   :   
  PE            
:
   
   
   
 , ,   
    
            ' ,  
'     '  
      PE   :
  
       
     
     
󷉃󷉄   
  
2.
    :
             
           - , ,
  
      - ,  -
    PE  
,     
 -   ,    
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂:         
         
 -  ,  
               
 ,          ,     

          
     
  
 -      
     
   ,   ,  , 
       :
     
 -    
-
3.            
:󷉃󷉄  : ,      
   ,            
     '     , ,       
,   , ",     
     
"
                , "
 
  ?"
    , "          "
"!"  , "   -   
    - 
    ,    ,       ,  
    -  "
2.
       ...
󼨐󼨑󼨒    
󹻂  ?
        
    ,  
      -   , ,   , 
   :      90      100  
,                   
  '     -       ( ,    ,
    
)
󷃆󼽢  :
        
    ,     
       ( ,    '     
     )
  ,         
󹻂  ?
 ,          , , , 
               
 
  ,     - 
    
  
,    ,  ,      
   -   
󷃆󼽢  :
     , , ,   
       -    
     
     - , ,      

  , , ,         
2.
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳 - :
        10    ,        
          ,   ,
             
 ,       '    ,     ,
   
   
󹸯󹸭󹸮     (  )




  
 ( +  + )

 (, )
 (, , )

      
   

-
-

   
     
󹱊󹱋󹱌󹱍󹱎     ()
      ,          
      ,     ,        ,
"          ,  ?     
 
    -  ,     "
     .       ,     
      :
󷃆󷃊 -   
󹻁:
   
   
  (  )
 
  (    )
2.
      
󹻁  (  '   ):
 ,   
  
-          
󼏨󼏩󼏪󼏫󼏬󷸓󼏭󼏮󷸕󼏯󷸖󼏰󼏱󼏲󼏳󼏴:
 ,  15           ,  , 

      ,    
   
       
    
󷃆󼽢   :
          
          
󷃆󷃋 -   
󹻁:
,  
   
     (  )
 
   
󹻁  (  '   ):
, ,  
    
          
󼏨󼏩󼏪󼏫󼏬󷸓󼏭󼏮󷸕󼏯󷸖󼏰󼏱󼏲󼏳󼏴:
        12          
               
, 
           
2.
󷃆󼽢   :
   '       
,        
󷃆󷃌 -   
󹻁:
  '    
 ,  
     
 
 
󹻁  (  '   ):
, ,  
     
   
󼏨󼏩󼏪󼏫󼏬󷸓󼏭󼏮󷸕󼏯󷸖󼏰󼏱󼏲󼏳󼏴:
   ,         
   
  ,   ,           
  
󷃆󼽢   :
      
           
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 :
 100%    
 
  '      
  :
  -     
  -    -       
 
2.
       ,       
    
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨 :   
  ?
    ,        
:
      
        
      ,     '
        :
       
   
      
󷉥󷉦   
   ,     
  , "     
     
             ,
  -              -  -
   ,      -    "
   ,      -          ,
     
  
4.    '      
:󷨤󷨪󷨥󷨦󷨧󷨨󷨩    :        
         ,         
    -             ,   
    ,   -       ,
,        ,       
   -    -     ,   
2.
    
  , " ,  ...         
                 "
         :        
    -      '       
;
            
                -
,    
󼩉󼩊󼩋󼩌󼩍  ?
           
 
 
              :
  (  , ,   )
 
  
 
   
           ,   
          , -   
 
:  -  ,          
         ,        
 
, 
     
   ,     
 :  
󷊄󷊅󷊆󷊇󷊈󷊉  ?
       
        
:
   
   
    
 
2.
 
, ,  
      ,           

       ,  ,  ,    
,      
    :
     ;     
󹳣󹳤󹳥   '   
   '        
1.󹖴󹖵󹖪󹖫󹖬󹖭󹖮󹖯󹖰󹖱󹖲󹖶󹖷󹖸󹖹󹖳 
 ,   ,   ,    -    
   
    ,        
2.󼨐󼨑󼨒  (IQ)
   IQ,  ,          ,
,     ,  ,    '   
3.󷖳󷖴󷖵󷖶󷖷  
 ,  ,      
 
      
     
4.󼩉󼩊󼩋󼩌󼩍 
     ,  ,  , ,    
      
       ,     
   
     
 
5.󺅝󺅞󺅟󺅜󺅠󺅡 
,  ,          
   '    ;  - 
 ,          -    
2.
󷆫󷆪   '   
  -      -   
1.󻑐󻑑  
  '            ' 


 ,      '     
2.󷪛󷪜󷪝󷪞󷪟󷪠󷪢󷪡  
      , ,    
    
         
3.󺯑󺯒󺯓󺯔󺯕󺯖󺯗󺯘󺯙󺯚󺯛󺯜󺯝   
, ,        
   -    ,  
  
   ,  -,       
 
4.󷗛󷗜 
-, ,        , 
    
 ,    -   ,    
   
5.󹱼󹱽󹱿󹲀󹱾 
   , ,         
           ,     
      
󼪀󼪃󼪄󼪁󼪅󼪆󼪂󼪇  :     
      -       -  
 
  -     ,    ,  
    
  -           
   
2.
      ,       '  ,   
    
 ,    ,       
 
             -  
      
󼿍󼿎󼿑󼿒󼿏󼿓󼿐󼿔  :   
        :




 
   

   -

 , 
  ,  
   
?

()
 (  )
  
   
   

  , ,   
, , 

  
 -     - 
󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹 :     ,     
        -     ,    ,
    
 
            ,  
     
               
,      
         
 -     
,       :
  ""   -   ",   
"     
  
2.
-
5.               
:󷉃󷉄 
 -  
15  1947    ,         ,  
-,           
    
-          , , ,   
         ,   
          '    
  ,           
        
  ,    
            
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳        - 1950  
      
      ,         
  ,  
                
                 ,  
-,         
  ,        ,      
           ,       
,               
      -   ,   
󺫦󺫤󺫥󺫧1947            
1.      
    ,      :
1950  :       '  
         (CABPER)   
 
1960  :  (1964-66)       
            
   
   
2.
1984:           :
o     
o   '     
o        
             
       
2.󷩃󷩄󷩅󷩆󷩇󷩈     
  ,            
  :
   (SAI) 1984  ,       
     SAI   ,        
      (NSNIS), - 1961 
, NSNIS         ,     
  
   (IOA)   1927      , 
         ,   
          
      (LNCPE),   - 
         1985   

             
3.󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬      
  ,            
:
   :    , ,   
   
  :     ,  
      (  )   
 :    (AIU)    ' 
   -     
2.
               
       
4.󷟳󷟴󷟵󷟶󷟷󷟸󷟹󷟺󷟻󷟼      
    ,         :
:  1928         ,   
,  1980            
     2008      
 
 :   1951  
      
          
 :     '      2010 
     ,        

              

5.󼿝󼿞󼿟     
  '       ,    
  :
  (2018  ):          
       
   (2019):      
     
   :     
          
   :   -,     
          
6.󻰿󻱀󻱁󻱂󷽳󻱃󼋥󻱅󼋦󻱆󻱇󼋧󼋨󻱈󻱉󻱊󼋩󻱋󻱌󻱍󼋪󼋫󼋬󼋭󻱎󻱏󻱐󻱑󻱒󻱓󻱔󻱕󻱖󼋮       
1947  , -        
2.
         
,      
           -
     
   -       
   
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨     -    
     -    '      
   
 
 ,   1964     ,        
      ,        
            ,    
    "    "      
             ,  
  '   
󹳣󹳤󹳥   
  2020           , 
       
 ,            

 (- )   ,     
      
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬:    
                ,   
              ,  
 ,      
     ,  1947         

           '  ,     
    
 
2.
,    , ,        
     
 -   ,       
  
6.      ,      
 
:     

                 ,
 ,     ,    ,     
    
         -  
     ,          
  :             -  
    (NSNIS),   
 ,         
󷨕󷨓󷨔      (NSNIS)  ?
NSNIS,  "   "   ,        ,   
         1961     
        
         ,        
              , 
 ,         
1973 ,             '  
,   , -         
󼩎󼩏󼩐󼩑󼩒󼩓󼩔NSNIS  :   
  ?
     NSNIS        
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳   
               ,   
        
,   
,    
 
             NSNIS    - 
2.
      ,         
         
 , NSNIS    :
 ,            
            
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬NSNIS  :   
NSNIS               
,     :
1.󷕘󷕙󷕚    
NSNIS    , , , ,       
     
    :
o     (1 )
o  
o     
o      
   - 
    ,  ,
 , ,        ,    
         
2.󼨽󼨾󼨿󼩁󼩀   
NSNIS           :
 ( )
   (    )
  ( )
 (    )
     
        
, 
    
2.
3.󷙦󷙧󷙤󷙥󷙨󷙩󷙪󷚔󷙬󷙭󷙯󷙰󷙲󷙳󷙴󷙷󷚕󷚖   
    -       '  :





   :
  
 
 
 
  
            
4.󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂    
NSNIS  ,           
                  
 
  -            
     
5.󷟳󷟴󷟵󷟶󷟷󷟸󷟹󷟺󷟻󷟼     
   '     :
  
   
 
 
2.
  
    -,          
   
6.󷆰   
NSNIS     :
  
   (SAI)
  
   
            

 
7.󹦵󹦶󹦷    
         :
 
 
   
  
  
          
8.󸿀󷿶󷿷󷿸󷿹󷿺󸾽󷻱󷿼󸾾󷿾󸿁󷻴󷿑󸿂󸿃󷿿󸿄󸿅󸿆󸿇󸾿󸿈󸿉󸿊󸿋󸿌󸀁󸡤󸿍󸢥        
NSNIS         ,    

              
9.󷆫󷆪 
 
 ,             :
"  ,    "  ,     ,   
 : "  ,    "
2.
NSNIS            ,   
    ,         -    
      
󹻊󹻋󹻌󹻎󹻍NSNIS     
              
1980    NSNIS            
               
    NSNIS     
'  
    
 NSNIS         
 ,           
󼩎󼩏󼩐󼩑󼩒󼩓󼩔: NSNIS  
  
            , NSNIS 
          '    
,  
      ,      ,     
 ,        
 
          , NSNIS        
     
 -      ,    ,  
     
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 
󹸯󹸭󹸮
 

 



󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍"       ,      NSNIS  "
2.
 ,    
     
 ,    -  
     NSNIS,       
-
7.       
:    -  ,  ,   
     ,        
 , 
  -        -         
  ,          ,     
  
             
    
,          -  
  ,
  ,           
 
         ,        
                 
󷆫󷆪    ?
            - 
,      -           
      (   ,   ) ,   
3,000              
     ,    
,   
   
󼨐󼨑󼨒    ?
 19
      - ,      
              
                
                - 
  '
2.
1894 ,        -       
 ,           1896 
      -   ,        
󷨫󷨬󷨭󷨮󷨯󷨰󷨱    -  1896
 1896 , 13    43        241
     -       
   
  ,         ,     
     ,          

  ,         -      

󹺁󹺂    
        
1936    ,  
   -     
,     ,          
           
   ,
, ,         !
 ,             ,  
   !        -  ,  
   
 
󻎜󻎝󻎟󻎞󻎠    
       ,            
:
1.  :    
  - , , , 
          
2.  : "Citius, Altius, Fortius" -       ", ,
"
3.  :          - , , , 
    -          
2.
4.  :       ,    
      
󷙤󷙥󷙦󷙨󷙩󷙪󷙶󷙬󷙭󷙷󷙸󷙹󷙺󷙻󷙼󷙽󷙾󷙿󷚀    
    ,         
    ,            :
 (  )


 ()





 
    '      , ,  
                 
  
󸞋󹀁󹀂󸣴󷺎󹀃󸞍󹀄󸿽󸿾󸿿󹀀󷺔󷺕󹀅󷺖󸣹󸣺   -  
     ,     
 , 1900
,   , 22            ,
    
 2020  ,  49%    -      ! 
   
;     ,      
   
2.
󷆰   
1896   13  ,   200          
       11,000         ,  
   ,       
  200        ,       
      
      ,  

     ,         
󷙇󷙈󷙉󷙊󷙋    
      
        
  ,  1924               :


 
 

   ,          
1960   ,           
    
             


󹲋󹲌󹲍󹲎󹲏󹲓󹲔󹲐󹲑󹲒  
    ,        :
:            
  
  :  ,       
 
:           
         
 ,            
2.
󹻊󹻋󹻌󹻎󹻍    -    
      
 , " "        -   
               
            ,   

           
󷙎󷙐󷙏 -     

        
       - 
 ,            
  
  

 , 
   ,  
      -    ,
   
       ,           
      ,       
  :
               ,
            
     
 
,             
 ,    
    ,   -    
 
,          
  
8.      
: 󷆯󷆮    
:    ...
    ,             
         ,      -  
        '   ,      
          
    
;     -       
  ,  ,    
    
2.
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬    ?
 ,      ,  -        
                 
-    
      (OCA)       
  (IOC)      ,     
 ,     ,   ,      

󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂     ? (  )
       1947  
     
   ,             
   1913  1938         
     ,   ,       
,     ,       
 ,    ,      ,     
    -   -         1951 
   ,     
,   
     :    
1951        - ,  ,    
  ,                
;       - "
, ,      "
        ,     ,   
         , 
    

󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹        
         ' :

 

1951

, 
  ; 11    
1962
, 
      '   
2.
1982

,  ()
        
   
1994
, 
       
2018
-,

         
 
󷟳󷟴󷟵󷟶󷟷󷟸󷟹󷟺󷟻󷟼   
         -   -   
               
  :
 :







-   :

 


 
    , -       ,  
    
     
2.
󷸌󷸍   
 1951      ,   11       ,  
45    ,    -  ,     
     :



 




󻎜󻎝󻎟󻎞󻎠   
 ,           :
:1982               
   
   :    , ,     
: , ,      
   10   
󹵅󹵆󹵇󹵈 :      ?
       (AGF)     
, 1981 ,     (OCA)       
 
    
 , -    ,    
 ,           
2.
󷆫󷆪    
        ,      : " 
"  ,          
 
     '         ,  , 
    
󷉃󷉄    
             :
-     
      
-       
  ,      
 ,  2000            
    ,           
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳    :    
   2018    ,       
               
                  
     ,         ,  
      '        

     
 -     
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨     
             
 , 2018      :   (),  (), 
 ()
      ,          
        ,     
 
2.
󷙎󷙐󷙏 :  
  
       
    ,   
     '            
,     ,      
 
 
   ,         -   
               
"               

       ,         "